The Axis deer in Hawai`i

Graf, William; Nichols, Lyman

A study of the physical characteristics of the axis deer [Axis axis (Erxleben), 1777], introduced into the Hawaiian Islands in 1868, shows no changes in weight and measurements from those of India and Ceylon although it has been isolated for almost 100 years. Tooth development and aging characteristics have been worked out. Upper canines are present at birth but are lost before the animal is a year old. Other physical characteristics are described and discussed in detail. The reproductive cycle is found not to have changed from that of Indian axis deer. Peak fawning periods are November, December, January, and February. Fawns are produced during all months of the year. Males are sexually active during all months of the year and regardless of the stage of antler development. The majority of all bucks are in full rut during June and July. Foetal development, weights, measurements, and methods for aging the foetus are presented in detail; also charts of the reproductive cycle and other aspects of reproduction. A study of behaviour shows the beginning of a harem system similar to that in members of the genus Cervus. The rutting behaviour is typified by a highly ritualized hehaviour pattern, both as individuals and towards other males. Posturing by displaying facial expressions and body attitude seems to be related to territorial behaviour and territorial signpost behaviourisms. The general behaviour as individuals and as a group in relation to types of cover and distances from cover is significant. The animals avoid extensive open areas as well as extensive closed forests. The behaviour of the animals by day and by night is discussed in relation to crop damage with possible significance and its meaning.

The Axis deer in Hawai`i

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