Fir-Spruce-Birch Forest in Northern Minnesota
Buell MF and Niering WA. 1957. Fir-Spruce-Birch Forest in Northern Minnesota. Ecology. 38(4):602-610
The objective of this study was to gather data on the upland fir-spruce-birch community both in the Itasca Park [Minnesota] area where it occurs in competition with maple-basswood forests and in northeastern Minnesota where the maple-basswood community is absent or, if present, highly restricted as to site. Stands were sought where the fir-spruce-birch community had been perpetuating itself for several generations with no evidence of a preceding community of different composition. No such stands were found, since clear evidence of a previous pine stand was found in every case.
- Type
- Journal Article
- Authors
- Buell, Murray; Niering, William
- Units
- APIS , GRPO , ISRO , VOYA
- Keywords
- Balsam Fir, Forestry, Minnesota, Paper birch, Pines, Plant Communities, White Spruce