Effects of human disturbance on nonbreeding sanderlings at Assateague Island National Seashore

Fraser, James; Kirkpatrick, Roy; Morton, John

The literature contains scattered but increasingly more common references of the impact ofhuman disturbance on avifauna, including raptors (e.g., Stalmaster and Newman 1978, Knightand Knight 1984, Levenson and Kroplin 1984, Fraser et al. 1985, Knight and Skagen 1986,Buehler et al. 1991, Femandez and Azkona 1993), waterfowl (e.g., Morton et al. 1989b,Dahlgren and Korschgen 1992, Ward etal. 1994), seabirds (e.g., Anderson and Keith 1980,Hand 1980, Burger 1981, Pierce and Simons 1986, Anderson 1988), colonial waterbirds (Grubb1978, Kaiser and Fritze1l1984, Erwin 1989, Bratton 1990, Klein 1993), and other avifauna (e.g., Wunz 1971, Watson 1988, Frederick and Collopy 1989, Yalden and Yalden 1989, Mabie et al. 1989, Burger and Gochfeld 1991, Kenney and Knight 1992, Pfisteretal.1992). Severalannotated bibliographies also have focused on the effects of general types or sources ofdisturbance on wildlife: noise (Fletcher et al. 1971, Dufour 1980), nonconsumptive outdoorrecreation (Boyle and Samson 1983), aircraft noise and sonic booms (Gladwin et al. 1988), andrecreational boating (York 1994). Knight and Gutzwiller (1995) edited an anthology of writingson researching and managing wildlife-recreationist interactions.