Evacuation Decision-Making in the 2016 Chimney Tops 2 Fire: Results of a Household Survey
Walpole EH, Kuligowski ED, Cain L, Fitzpatrick A, Salley C. 2020. Evacuation Decision-Making in the 2016 Chimney Tops 2 Fire: Results of a Household Survey. NIST Technical Note 2103. National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce
ABSTRACT: To gain insight into the emergency communication and evacuation decision-making surrounding the 2016 Chimney Tops 2 fire, NIST conducted (via a small business survey research contractor) an online survey targeting homeowners in the Gatlinburg, TN area from October 2018 to May 2019. Among the 323 participants selected in our final sample, it was found that the majority were largely unaware of wildfire risks and had not experienced evacuations previously. On the day the fire spread into residential areas, only a small percentage reported receiving information from official sources or official evacuation notices, instead relying more commonly on information from the media, social contacts, and cues from the fire itself (such as smoke, embers, and flames) to become informed about the impending wildfire threat. The great majority of individuals evacuated from the area, most commonly on the day the fire spread into residential areas in response to intense fire cues and feeling afraid for themselves and others. A thematic analysis of voluntary end of survey comments provide additional nuance to these findings, in that many participants felt unprepared for the evacuation and took independent action to try to get themselves to safety. Recommendations from these findings include the need for greater public outreach and awareness of local wildfire risks and preparation in the region, as well as what to expect in terms of evacuation procedures. In addition, these results highlight the importance of providing timely, coordinated, and clear official warning messages and signage to avoid chaotic or difficult evacuation processes. Specific recommendations on the construction of effective warning messages and limitations of the current work are provided.
- Type
- Published Report
- Authors
- Walpole, Emily; Kuligowski, Erica; Cain, Lauren; Fitzpatrick, Alicea; Salley, Christin
- Date of Issue
- 2020-07
- Publisher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce
- Units
- GRSM
- Keywords
- Chimney Tops 2 Fire, Emergency communication, emergency management, evacuation, wildfire, wildland urban interface, WUI