Hoffman and Swinburne Islands: Survey of Three World War II (WWII) Harbor Defense Sites
Bournezos J, Holder A, Paliwoda G, Polaski L. 2003. Hoffman and Swinburne Islands: Survey of Three World War II (WWII) Harbor Defense Sites
On 28 August 2003 the Gateway National Recreation Area (GNRA) allowed Jim Bournezos, Alex Holder, Gary Paliwoda, and Leo Polaski (all students of United States harbor defense history) to visit Hoffman and Swinburne Islands. The purpose of the effort was to locate and determine the condition of three WWII U.S. Army harbor defense sites - specifically the mine observation station on Hoffman Island and the two 90mm gun blocks on Swinburne Island.