Enduring Connections: Science Supports Traditional Knowledge at Montezuma Castle National Monument

Guebard, Matt; Navenma, Wendel

This paper briefly explores the meaning of decorative yellow architectural finishes using an analytical approach that includes architectural and archaeological analysis as well as traditional knowledge. Recent collaborative research between the National Park Service (NPS) and the University of New Mexico has shown that earthen washes are the primary form of wall decoration at the Montezuma Castle cliff dwelling (AZ O:5:14 [ASM]). Yellow washes were first identified and analyzed by the University of New Mexico using a combination of optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These studies yielded important information on the ancient techniques used for processing, mixing, and applying earthen washes. Native American traditional knowledge provides additional evidence regarding the way in which materials were acquired, processed, and applied to wall surfaces. At Montezuma Castle, Hopi tribal members accessed this information by connecting with community members having specialized and expert knowledge on material sources and application techniques. This knowledge was acquired over many generations and requires discussion and thoughtful consideration before being shared with the NPS. In many ways, yellow washes are a proxy for the important relationship that descendant communities have with the Montezuma Castle cliff dwelling. By using a multiperspective research approach that includes scientific inquiry and traditional knowledge, the NPS learns more about how to appropriately manage the cliff dwelling, and tribal members are provided with an opportunity to share information on the significance of this important ancestral place.

Enduring Connections: Science Supports Traditional Knowledge at Montezuma Castle National Monument

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