Status of Forest Birds in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park: Mixed Results for Native and Non-Native Species - Supplemental Material A: Distance-sampling model selection and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) Statistics
Judge S, Paxton K, Beck A, Camp RJ. 2026. Status of Forest Birds in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park: Mixed Results for Native and Non-Native Species - Supplemental Material A: Distance-sampling model selection and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) Statistics. National Park Service
Model parameters and model-selection results for forest bird analyses from the 2020–2021 Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) landbird survey are summarized in this section. For each species, candidate distance-sampling models are ordered by second-order Akaike’s information criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc) and the corresponding ΔAICc relative to the model with the lowest AICc value. Models evaluated include half-normal and hazard-rate key detection functions with cosine (COS), Hermite polynomial (Hpoly), and simple polynomial (Spoly) series expansions, with covariates incorporated into the most parsimonious detection function to improve precision. Covariates considered include categorical variables describing habitat cover, habitat height, cloud cover (Cloud), rain (Rain), Beaufort wind scale (Wind), Beaufort gust scale (Gust), observer (Obs), time of day (Time), survey month (Month), and survey year (Year [factor]), as well as detection type (1 = heard, 2 = seen, 4 = heard and seen); time of day (Time) and survey year (Year [continuous]) are also evaluated as continuous covariates. For each candidate model, the number of estimated parameters (No. Parameters), negative log-likelihood (−LogL), and Akaike model weight (Weight)—the relative likelihood that the model is the best among converged candidates for that species—are reported.
- Type
- Unpublished Report
- Authors
- Judge, Seth; Paxton, Kristina; Beck, Angela; Camp, Richard
- Date of Issue
- 2026
- Publisher
- National Park Service
- Units
- HAVO , PACN
- Keywords
- Akaike’s information criterion, distance sampling, habitat covariates, Hawaii
See also
- Status of Forest Birds in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park: Mixed Results for Native and Non-Native Species - Supplemental Material B: Habitat characteristics of landbird monitoring survey stations
- Status of Forest Birds in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park: Mixed Results for Native and Non-Native Species