Elk Responses to Disturbance by Cross-Country Skiers in Yellowstone National Park
Cassirer EF, Freddy DJ, Ables ED. 1992. Elk Responses to Disturbance by Cross-Country Skiers in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 20(4):375-381
Objectives of this study were to measure immediate movements of elk when disturbed by cross-country skiers, to assess energy costs associated with these movements, and to identify factors that might influence elk behavior.
- Type
- Journal Article
- Authors
- Cassirer, Elisabeth; Freddy, David; Ables, Ernest
- Units
- YELL
- Keywords
- Animal Studies, cross-country skiing, Elk (Cervus elaphus), Human Impact, Human-Animal Encounters, Mammals, Recreation